Oliver Twist /تلخيص شامل لها مع الرابط ملخص هذه الرواية

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Oliver Twist
Charles Dickens



Introduction to the Novel



In his preface to Oliver Twist, Dickens emphatically expressed resentment at the practice in popular literature of depicting rogues, like Macheath in The Beggar’s Opera, as dashing figures, leading lively and colorful lives. He considers such misrepresentations as a potentially harmful influence on impressionable minds. Dickens firmly maintains that the nature and behavior of his seemingly extreme characters reflect truth without distortion, however implausible they may seem.
Dickens is frequently charged with offering a view of the world that exaggerates reality. A novelist, however, communicates his interpretation of life through the medium of fiction. His accomplishment grows out of a blend of experience and imagination. In judging the writer’s success, we have to grant his purposes and goal. Dickens was fascinated by extreme behavior and attitudes. He had a peculiar talent for exaggeration. For him, real life was the springboard for fancy. Thus the world of story he created is a mirror in which the truths of the real world are reflected.

Oliver Twist is a good illustration of Dickens’s belief that the novel should do more than merely entertain. It should, he believed, be directed toward social reform. This does not mean Dickens was a propagandist who held forth idealistic goals as cures for the ills of the world. Although he bitterly attacks the defects of existing institutions—government, the law, education, penal systems—and mercilessly exposes the injustice and wretchedness inflicted by them, he does not suggest the overthrow of the established order. Nor will you find any easy answers or pat solutions.

Dickens’s attitudes and themes reflect a general approval of the English state and society. He could not have had such enormous popularity if he had not in a large measure voiced sentiments and values that motivated the readers of his times. Dickens looked upon almost all institutions with suspicion, including religious movements. In Hard Times, trade unionism is shown to be loaded with the potential for mischief, in the manner of all oppressive forces when those in power fall prey to corruption and abuse. Dickens had little confidence in systems as agencies of good but placed his faith in people.

To bring about improvements, he depended upon the release of the goodness that he felt to be inherent in all human nature. Dickens kept a strong belief that people, if they were not stifled, would behave with fairness. As a result, he firmly hated all individuals, institutions, and systems that he regarded as standing in the way of natural human goodness. He does not believe this endowment of human goodness is indestructible. In Oliver Twist, he acknowledges that the trait of goodness in humanity can be irretrievably lost if it is subjected to ungoverned corrupting influences.

For this reason, Dickens lays great stress on environment in the development of character and regulation of conduct. Although he had little faith in the operation of politics, he rested his hopes for progress on education. But schooling must be well conceived and administered. In many of his books, Dickens demonstrates with the full strength of his satiric lash how education, in the hands of the wrong authority figures, can become as bad if not worse than ignorance. It is noteworthy that whenever Oliver Twist’s fortunes begin to rise, his benefactors immediately take an interest in his education.

Dickens is often accused of being weak or lacking in character portrayal. But in this regard, as in other feats of dramatic exposition, Dickens’s distinctive gifts as a storyteller yielded the most remarkable creations. Dickens was more concerned with the outer behavior of people than he was with the exploration of psychological depths. For the most part, his characters are considered “flat” because they don’t reveal varied facets of personality or develop as the narrative unfolds. Instead, they remain unchanged through the course of events and interaction with other characters. Since they are not gradually built up into complex human beings, characters may sometimes suddenly act contrary to expectations

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List of Characters

قائمة بالشخصيات الموجوة في الرواية

Oliver Twist—Son of Edwin Leeford and Agnes Fleming, he is thought to be an orphan. A dear, grateful, gentle child, who “instead of possessing too little feeling, possessed rather too much.” He had not learned “that self-preservation is the first law of nature.”

Sally Thingummy—An old pauper woman who is an inmate of the workhouse and later dies there. She attends at Oliver’s birth, “rendered rather misty by an unwonted allowance of beer.”

Agnes Fleming—Oliver’s mother; the daughter of a retired naval officer. “She was found dying in the street . . . but where she came from, or where she was going to, nobody knows.”

Mrs. Mann—An elderly woman who conducts an infant farm (the then equivalent of a foster home). “A woman of wisdom and experience; she knew what was good for children,” so of the funds provided for their sustenance “she appropriated the greater part . . . to her own use.”

Mr. Bumble—The parish beadle (a minor church official); “a fat man, and a choleric (cranky show-off) [with] a great idea of his oratorical powers and his importance.” “He had a decided propensity for bullying: derived no inconsiderable pleasure from the exercise of petty cruelty; and, consequently, was (it is needless to say) a coward.”

Mr. Limbkins—Head of the parish board; “a particularly fat gentleman with a very round, red face.”

The Workhouse Master—”A fat, healthy man.”

Gamfield—A chimney sweep, “whose villainous countenance was a regular stamped receipt for cruelty.”

Mr. Sowerberry—An undertaker; “a tall, gaunt, large-jointed man,” in matrimonial disputes denominated “a brute, an unnatural husband, an insulting creature, a base imitation of a man.”

Mrs. Sowerberry—”A short, thin, squeezed-up woman, with a vixenish [literally, fox-like] countenance, [having] a good deal of taste in the undertaking way.”

Charlotte—The Sowerberry’s maidservant; a somewhat sloppy girl, she is “of a robust and hardy make.”

Noah Claypole—Charity boy employed by Sowerberry, he later joins Fagin’s gang under the name of Morris Bolter. “A large-headed, small-eyed youth of lumbering make and heavy countenance.”

Little Dick—Oliver’s companion on the infant farm, with whom he “had been beaten, and starved, and shut up.”

John (Jack) Dawkins—The Artful Dodger; Fagin’s most esteemed pupil. A pickpocket and thief, he is a dirty “snub-nosed, flat-browed, common-faced boy . . . short of his age; with rather bowlegs, and little, sharp, ugly eyes.”

Fagin—The master criminal; “a very old shriveled Jew, whose villainous-looking and repulsive face was obscured by a quantity of matted red hair.”

Charles Bates—One of Fagin’s gang; “a very sprightly” young boy given to uproarious laughter.

Betsy—Member of the Fagin gang. “Not exactly pretty, perhaps; but . . . looked quite stout and hearty.”

Nancy—Trusted and resourceful member of Fagin’s gang. Untidy and free in manner, but “there was something of the woman’s original nature left in her still.”

Mr. Brownlow—”A very respectable-looking personage” with a heart “large enough for any six ordinary old gentlemen of humane disposition.”

Mr. Fang—A notorious magistrate; a “lean, long-backed, stiff-necked, middle-sized man, with no great quantity of hair.”

The Bookseller—”An elderly man of decent but poor appearance.”

Mrs. Bedwin—Brownlow’s housekeeper; “a motherly old lady, very neatly and precisely dressed.”

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A Brief Synopsis


Twist’s mother dies after the birth of her child in a workhouse. The infant’s father is unknown, and the orphan is placed in a private juvenile home. After nine years of mistreatment, the boy is returned to the workhouse for even more abuse. After representing his fellow sufferers in an attempt to get more food, Oliver is punished and is apprenticed to Sowerberry, an undertaker. Noah Claypole, a charity boy working for Oliver’s master, goads Oliver to rebellion, for which Oliver is savagely flogged. Consequently, Oliver runs away and heads for London.

Near London, Oliver joins company with John Dawkins, The Artful Dodger, a questionable character who brings the boy to Fagin, the ringleader of a gang of criminals. Instructed in the “art” of picking pockets, Oliver goes out with Charles Bates and the Dodger. His companions pick an old gentleman’s pocket and flee, and Oliver is arrested for their offense. At the police station, the terrified boy is cleared by the testimony of the bookseller who witnessed the theft. Oliver collapses and is taken home by Mr. Brownlow, the victim of the crime.

While Oliver recovers at his benefactor’s home, Brownlow is puzzled by the resemblance between Oliver’s features and the portrait of a young woman. Fagin is apprehensive and furious at Oliver’s rescue. Nancy, one of his trusty retainers, is set on the boy’s trail as the gang shifts headquarters.

Mr. Grimwig, Brownlow’s friend, has no faith in Oliver, so Oliver is sent on an errand to test his honesty. The boy is recaptured by Nancy and her friend Bill Sikes, a vicious lawbreaker. Oliver is restored to Fagin, who holds him in strict captivity for a while. In the meantime, Bumble, a minor parish official from Oliver’s birthplace, answers Brownlow’s advertisement inquiring about Oliver. Bumble turns Oliver’s benefactor against him by grossly misrepresenting the boy’s history and character.

Eager to get Oliver completely in his power by thoroughly involving the child in some crime, Fagin convinces Bill Sikes to use Oliver in a major burglary that is being planned. Sikes takes Oliver westward through the city to a rendezvous near Chertsey with Toby Crackit.

At the house that is to be burglarized, Oliver is hoisted through a small window. The occupants are aroused and in the resulting melee, Oliver is shot. The robbers run off with the wounded Oliver but abandon him in a ditch.

In the workhouse, Sally, the old pauper who attended Oliver’s mother, is dying. At her urgent request, Mrs. Corney, the matron, sees the old woman alone before she expires. Immediately thereafter Bumble and the matron agree to marry.

Fagin is greatly upset when Toby Crackit returns alone. Fagin makes anxious inquiries about Sikes. He then has an ominous meeting with a person called Monks, who is angry with Fagin, who he claims has failed in his obligation to ruin Oliver by tricking him into a lawless life

When Oliver regains consciousness in a ditch, he stumbles to the nearest house, which proves to be the site of the attempted burglary. The owner, Mrs. Maylie, takes the boy in and protects him with connivance of her doctor, Mr. Losberne. The boy is taken to a cottage in the country, where Mrs. Maylie’s niece Rose suffers a near-fatal illness. In the town inn yard, Oliver encounters a repulsive stranger who later spies on him with Fagin. Rose rejects the proposal of Mrs. Maylie’s son, Harry, but he does not accept her refusal as final.

Monks meets the Bumbles and purchases a locket that Mrs. Bumble redeemed with a pawn ticket that she took away from the dead Sally, who had received the pledge from Oliver’s dying mother. The trinket contains a ring inscribed with the name “Agnes”; Monks drops it into the river.

Nancy, who sympathizes with Oliver, nurses Sikes until he regains his “natural” meanness. She drugs the man and slips away to Hyde Park for a secret meeting with Rose Maylie. Nancy tells Miss Maylie everything that she has learned by eavesdropping on Fagin and Monks on two occasions. The two rogues are plotting the destruction of the object of Monks’s inveterate hatred—his brother Oliver. Mr. Brownlow, who has been absent from London, reappears and Rose tells him Nancy’s story. Harry Maylie, Grimwig, and Mr. Losberne are also briefed on what Nancy has learned.

Noah Claypole and Charlotte, Sowerberry’s maidservant, hide out in London after she has plundered the undertaker’s till. They are discovered by Fagin, and Noah is employed to visit the police station to bring back information about the Dodger’s indictment as a pickpocket. Because of her suspicious behavior, Fagin then assigns the sneak to spy on her. Nancy has a midnight meeting with Rose and Brownlow on London Bridge. Nancy informs Brownlow how he can corner Monks. Noah hears everything and immediately reports his findings to Fagin

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